For a graph G = (V, E), a set S ⊆ V is a restrained dominating set if every vertex not in S is adjacent to a vertex in S and to a vertex in V − S. The smallest cardinality of a restrained dominating set of G is called ...

For a graph G = (V,E), a subset D of E is restrained edge dominating set of G if every edge not in D is adjacent to an edge in D as well as an edge in E −D. The restrained edge domination number of G, denoted by γre(G) is ...

For a graph G=(V, E), a set S⊆ V (S⊆ E) is a restrained dominating (restrained edge dominating) set if every vertex (edge) not in S is adjacent (incident) to a vertex (edge) in S and to a vertex (edge) in V-S (ES). The ...